DIA 186 – Samarcanda – Algo de historia
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DIA 186 – Samarcanda – Algo de historia

Publicado en: Bitácora, Fotos, Uzbekistán | 0

«Es tal la riqueza y la abundancia de esta gran capital que contemplarlas es una maravilla»

eso dijo un castellano que en 1404 llegó a la ciudad de Samarcanda para rendir visita a Tamerlán, el guerrero que había fundado el mayor imperio de Asia.

During centuries Registan Square was the center of Samarkand. The word Registan means “sand place”. There was a river running there many ages ago, before building the first Madrassah on the square. Years passed, the river dried out and left lots of sank there, that was the first place where the first Madrassah was built in the beginning of the 15th century and named Registan square. As the Madrassah was first built, all the holidays, parades, festivals and Sunday bazaars took place.
During centuries Registan Square was the center of Samarkand. The word Registan means “sand place”. There was a river running there many ages ago, before building the first Madrassah on the square. Years passed, the river dried out and left lots of sank there, that was the first place where the first Madrassah was built in the beginning of the 15th century and named Registan square. As the Madrassah was first built, all the holidays, parades, festivals and Sunday bazaars took place.
Legiones de escritores pronuncian el nombre de Samarcanda como si fuera un oasis mágico de cúpulas azules, un lugar de ensueño rodeado de un aura de leyenda. Sin embargo, Samarcanda existe, fue una de las capitales más importantes de la antigua Ruta de la Seda y se alza en la dura estepa de la Transoxiana, entre los ríos Amu Daria (Oxus, en la Antigüedad) y Sir Daria (Jaxartes), en el actual Uzbekistán.

P1050202Cerca de Samarcanda se encuentra el sitio arqueológico de Afrasiab, ciudad precursora de Samarcanda que fue fundada en el siglo VII a. C. Samarcanda fue capital de la satrapía de Sogdiana bajo la dinastía Aqueménida de Persia, cuando Alejandro Magno la conquistó hacia el 329 a. C. El historiador griego de la época imperial Arriano de Nicomedia describe que la ocupación de esta región no fue tarea fácil pues se opuso tenazmente a ser sometida, ya que tenía fácil defensa debido a su ciudadela como indica el historiador romano Quinto Curcio Rufo. Bajo el Imperio Sasánida, Samarcanda floreció hasta volverse una de las ciudades más importantes del Imperio Persa.

Aunque la región tenía lengua iraní, no estuvo políticamente unida con Persia entre los tiempos de Alejandro Magno y de la conquista musulmana de Persia. Los griegos se refirieren a ella como Maracanda. En el siglo VI fue parte de los dominios de un reino turco.

Domes and minarets of  Samarkand
Domes and minarets of
Samarkand
Al comienzo del siglo VIII Samarcanda fue sometida a control árabe. Bajo el poder del Abbasid, se obtiene el secreto de la fabricación de papel a partir de la confesión de dos prisioneros chinos capturados en la Batalla del Talas en el año 751, esto dio lugar a la primera fábrica de papel en el mundo islámico que se fundó en Samarcanda. La invención luego se extendió al resto del mundo islámico, y de ahí a Europa.

Del siglo VI al siglo XIII la ciudad creció y llegó a ser controlada por turcos del oeste, árabes, persas samaníes, turcos qarajanidas, turcos seldyúcidas, karakitay, y khorezmidas, hasta ser saqueada por los mongoles de Gengis Khan en 1220. En esa época la ciudad se aproximaba al medio millón de habitantes, que es la cifra que alcanza en la actualidad. Una pequeña parte de la población sobrevivió, pero Samarcanda sufrió una vez más otro ataque mongol liderado por Khan Baraq para obtener tesoros para pagarle a su ejército. Tras varias décadas la ciudad se recuperó de estos desastres. En 1365 tuvo lugar una revuelta contra el dominio mongol.

El período timúrida fue el más significante para Samarcanda, entre los siglos XIV y XV. En 1370, Tamerlán decidió hacer de Samarcanda capital de su imperio, que se extendía desde India hasta Turquía. Durante 35 años construyó una nueva ciudad, poblándola con artesanos de todas las regiones que había capturado. Tamerlán se ganó fama de sabio y generoso, y Samarcanda se convirtió en el centro de la región de Transoxiana. Durante este tiempo tenía una población de alrededor de 150.000. Un siglo después de los viajes de Marco Polo en la ruta de la seda, el embajador del rey castellano Enrique III, Ruy González de Clavijo llegó a Samarcanda en 1404, con la intención de crear una alianza con Tamerlán para guerrear contra los turcos, pero la prematura muerte de Tamerlán frustró estas intenciones, aun así todas estas experiencias fueron anotadas por González de Clavijo en el libro Embajada a Tamorlán’.

En el 1499 los uzbekos se hacen con el control de Samarcanda. Los Shaybánidas surgen como los líderes uzbekos de la región. En el siglo XVI, los Shaybánidas trasladan su capital a Bujará y Samarcanda entra en declive.

Después de un asalto por parte del rey persa, Nadir Sah, la ciudad fue abandonada en el siglo XVIII, alrededor del 1720. Desde 1784 Samarcanda fue gobernado por los emires de Bujará.

La ciudad pasó a manos rusas después de que la ciudadela fuera tomada por una fuerza bajo el coronel Aleksandr Abrámov en 1868. Abrámov se convirtió en el primer gobernador del distrito militar que los rusos establecieron a lo largo del curso del río Zeravshan, con Samarcanda como centro administrativo. La parte rusa de la ciudad empezó a construirse a partir de esta fecha, mayormente al oeste de la ciudad vieja.

La ciudad se convirtió después en la capital del Óblast de Samarcanda en el Turquestán ruso y creció en importancia sobre todo cuando el ferrocarril Trans-Caspio llegó a la ciudad en 1888. En 1925 se convirtió en la capital de la República Socialista Soviética de Uzbekistán (RSSU), antes de ser sustituida en 1930 por Taskent, la actual capital de Uzbekistán.

Fuentes: National Geographic Historia NG nº 120 / Wikipedia

The ensemble consists of three Madrassah: Ulugbek Madrassah (15th century), Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century) and Tilla-Kari Madrassah (gold covered)(17th century).
The ensemble consists of three Madrassah: Ulugbek Madrassah (15th century), Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century) and Tilla-Kari Madrassah (gold covered)(17th century).
The ensemble consists of three Madrassah: Ulugbek Madrassah (15th century), Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century) and Tilla-Kari Madrassah (gold covered)(17th century).
The ensemble consists of three Madrassah: Ulugbek Madrassah (15th century), Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century) and Tilla-Kari Madrassah (gold covered)(17th century).

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 Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century)
Sher – Dor Madrassah (17th century)

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A students room in a Madrasah
A students room in a Madrasah

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The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.

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The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.
The majestic blue domes of the Bibi-Khanym Mosque are the unusual sight.It takes one’s breath even from understanding the scale of construction of this monument, impressing with its size and beauty. In antiquity the dome of this mosque was compared with the dome of heaven and the arch of portal – with the Milky Way.

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The Mosque Hazrat Hyzr is located on the south of Afrasiab fortress. The building is replete with dates, indicating the time of its restoration - mainly, it XIX-XX centuries.
The Mosque Hazrat Hyzr is located on the south of Afrasiab fortress.
The building is replete with dates, indicating the time of its restoration – mainly, it XIX-XX centuries.
Samsa, a classical Uzbek dish
Samsa, a classical Uzbek dish
The Bazaar / Market
The Bazaar / Market

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Shakhi Zinda complex. It consists of rows of refine sparkling blue colors tombs. Harmoniously combined in a lively and moving composition, various mausoleums are grouped along the narrow medieval streets. Shakhi Zinda consists of eleven mausoleums, which were built one after another in XIV - XV centuries.
Shakhi Zinda complex. It consists of rows of refine sparkling blue colors tombs. Harmoniously combined in a lively and moving composition, various mausoleums are grouped along the narrow medieval streets. Shakhi Zinda consists of eleven mausoleums, which were built one after another in XIV – XV centuries.
Two years later, the ruler of Samarkand Yalangtush Bahadur ordered to build the copy of the Madrassah, and the second Sher-Dor Madrassah was built opposite it. The only difference was that it had two more winter teaching halls, but the main structure was the same as in Ulugbek Madrassah.
Two years later, the ruler of Samarkand Yalangtush Bahadur ordered to build the copy of the Madrassah, and the second Sher-Dor Madrassah was built opposite it. The only difference was that it had two more winter teaching halls, but the main structure was the same as in Ulugbek Madrassah.
The Ulugbek Madrassah was built by the Ulugbek’s order and guidance. It lasted only three years from 1417 to 1420. When the medresse was constructed, Ulugbek gave lectures on mathematics and astronomy till his death.
The Ulugbek Madrassah was built by the Ulugbek’s order and guidance. It lasted only three years from 1417 to 1420. When the medresse was constructed, Ulugbek gave lectures on mathematics and astronomy till his death.

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Several years later, the same ruler of Samarkand ordered the third Tilla-Kari Madrassah. It’s outward is the same as those two other medresses, but coming in you’ll see a one story building. To make the architectural ensemble, the architecture made two floors on the outside but only one inside. Madrassah was always built by one project – four-cornered yard with four terraces and cells along the whole perimeter. The main entrance was always locked with lattice and two other entrances were used by purpose. The doors in cell were always low because “Islam” means “obedience”, that is why everyone who entered or went out of cell always had to bow, it was like greeting and wishing health to everyone. Only Tilla-Kari Madrassah was bult like medresse, but was used mostly as mosque; just looking at minarets can see this, Tilla-Kari has low minarets to call people to pray.
Several years later, the same ruler of Samarkand ordered the third Tilla-Kari Madrassah. It’s outward is the same as those two other medresses, but coming in you’ll see a one story building. To make the architectural ensemble, the architecture made two floors on the outside but only one inside. Madrassah was always built by one project – four-cornered yard with four terraces and cells along the whole perimeter. The main entrance was always locked with lattice and two other entrances were used by purpose. The doors in cell were always low because “Islam” means “obedience”, that is why everyone who entered or went out of cell always had to bow, it was like greeting and wishing health to everyone. Only Tilla-Kari Madrassah was bult like medresse, but was used mostly as mosque; just looking at minarets can see this, Tilla-Kari has low minarets to call people to pray.

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